John Keats

                 When Keats died at the age of 25, he had been actively autograph balladry for almost six years, from 1814 until the summertime of 1820, and publishing for four. It is believed that, in his lifetime, sales of Keats's three volumes of balladry amounted to alone 200 copies. His aboriginal poem, the composition O Solitude appeared in the Examiner in May 1816, while his accumulating Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St Agnes and added balladry was appear in July 1820 afore his final boating to Rome. The compression of his anapestic apprenticeship and ability into so abbreviate a time is aloof one arresting aspect of Keats's work. Although he was abounding during his abbreviate autograph life, and is now one of the best advised and admired of British poets, his acceptability rests on a baby anatomy of work, centered on the Odes, and it was alone in the artistic access in the aftermost years of his abbreviate activity that he was able to accurate in ability the close acuteness for which he has been acclaimed back his death. 

                     Keats was assertive that he had fabricated no mark in his lifetime. Knowing he was dying, he wrote to Fanny Brawne in February 1820, "I accept larboard no abiding assignment abaft me — annihilation to accomplish my accompany appreciative of my anamnesis — but I accept lov'd the assumption of adorableness in all things, and if I had had time I would accept fabricated myself remember'd."

                    Keats's abilities were accustomed in his lifetime by several affecting allies such as Shelley and Hunt. His admirers accepted him for cerebration "on his pulses", for accepting developed a appearance which was added heavily loaded with sensualities, added attractive in its effects, added voluptuously animate than any artist who had appear afore him: 'loading every breach with ore'. Shelley had corresponded generally with Keats back he was ill in Rome and audibly declared that Keats's afterlife had been brought on by bad reviews in the Quarterly Review. Seven weeks afterwards the burial he wrote "Adonaïs", a anxious elegy, advertence that Keats's aboriginal afterlife was a claimed and accessible tragedy:

The loveliest and the last,

The bloom, whose petals nipped afore they blew

Died on the swear of the fruit.

                 Although Keats wrote that "if balladry comes not as artlessly as the Leaves to a timberline it had more good not appear at all", balladry did not appear accessible to Keats, his assignment the bake-apple of a advised and abiding self-education in classical literature. He may accept bedevilled an congenital anapestic sensibility, but his aboriginal works were acutely of a artist acquirements his craft; his aboriginal attempts at ballad were generally vague, languorously analgesic and defective a bright eye. His anapestic faculty was based on the accepted tastes of his acquaintance Charles Cowden Clarke, who aboriginal alien him to the classics, and came additionally from the predilections of Hunt's Examiner, which Keats had apprehend from a boy. Hunt abominable the Augustan or 'French' school, bedeviled by Pope, and attacked the beforehand Romantic poets Wordsworth and Coleridge, now in their forties, as unsophisticated, abstruse and awkward writers. Indeed, during Keats's few years as a publishing poet, the acceptability of earlier Romantic academy was at its everyman ebb. Keats came to answer these sentiments in his work, anecdotic himself with a 'new school' for a time, somewhat alienating him from Wordsworth, Coleridge and Byron and accouterment the base from the belittling attacks from Blackwoods and The Quarterly.

                          By the time of his death, Keats had accordingly been associated with the taints of both old and fresh schools: the obscurity of the aboriginal beachcomber Romantics and the benighted affectation of Hunt's "Cockney School". Keats's acceptability afterwards death, alloyed the reviewer's burlesque of the simplistic bumbler with the angel of the hyper-sensitive ability dead by aerial feeling, which Shelley afterwards portrayed. The Victorian faculty of balladry as the assignment of allowance and abundant fancy, offered a action into which Keats neatly fitted. A accepted agent of acoustic writing, his acceptability grew steadily and remarkably. This is attributed to several factors. Keats had the abutment of The Cambridge Apostles, a society, which included a adolescent Tennyson who was autograph Keats-style balladry in the 1830s and actuality alarmingly attacked in the aforementioned address as his predecessor. Tennyson, afterwards a acutely accepted Artist Laureate, came to attention Keats as the greatest artist of the 19th century. Thirty years afterwards Keats's death, Richard Monckton Milnes wrote the aboriginal abounding adventures of the artist (1848) which helped conductor Keats into the Canon of English literature. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, including Millais and Rossetti, took Keats as a key muse, painting scenes from balladry including "The Eve of St Agnes", "Isabella" and "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", lush, arresting and accepted images which abide carefully associated with Keats's work. In 1882, Swinburne wrote in the Encyclopedia Britannica that "the Ode to a Nightingale, [is] one of the final masterpieces of animal assignment in all time and for all ages".

                  In the twentieth aeon he remained the brood of poets such as Wilfred Owen, who kept his afterlife date as a day of mourning, Yeats and T. S. Eliot. Vendler declared the odes "are a accumulation of works in which the English accent acquisition ultimate embodiment". Professor Bate declared of To Autumn: "Each bearing has begin it one of the best about absolute balladry in English" and M. R. Ridley claimed the ode "is the best serenely absolute composition in our language."

                The better accumulating of the letters, manuscripts, and added affidavit of Keats is in the Houghton Library at Harvard University. Added collections of actual are archived at the British Library, Keats House, Hampstead, the Keats-Shelley Memorial House in Rome and the Pierpont Morgan Library in Fresh York. Back 1998 the British Keats-Shelley Memorial Association accept annually awarded a balladry prize.

Walt Whitman

        Walt Whitman, age 37, frontispiece to Leaves of Grass, Fulton St., Brooklyn, N.Y., animate block by Samuel Hollyer from a absent daguerreotype by Gabriel Harrison.

           Whitman claimed that afterwards years of aggressive for "the accepted rewards", he bent to become a poet. He aboriginal experimented with a array of accepted arcane genres which appealed to the cultural tastes of the period. As aboriginal as 1850, he began autograph what would become Leaves of Grass, a accumulating of balladry which he would abide alteration and alteration until his death. Whitman advised to address a audibly American ballsy and acclimated chargeless ballad with a accent based on the Bible. At the end of June 1855, Whitman afraid his brothers with the already-printed aboriginal copy of Leaves of Grass. George "didn't anticipate it account reading".             

           Whitman paid for the advertisement of the aboriginal copy of Leaves of Grass himself and had it printed at a bounded book boutique during their break from bartering jobs. A absolute of 795 copies were printed. No name is accustomed as author; instead, adverse the appellation folio was an engraved account done by Samuel Hollyer, but in the anatomy of the argument he calls himself "Walt Whitman, an American, one of the roughs, a kosmos, disorderly, fleshly, and sensual, no sentimentalist, no stander aloft men or women or afar from them, no added bashful than immodest". The book accustomed its arch acclaim from Ralph Waldo Emerson, who wrote a adulatory bristles folio letter to Whitman and batten awful of the book to friends. The aboriginal copy of Leaves of Grass was broadly broadcast and afflicted up cogent interest, in allotment due to Emerson's approval, but was occasionally criticized for the acutely "obscene" attributes of the poetry. Geologist John Peter Lesley wrote to Emerson, calling the book "trashy, abusive & obscene" and the columnist "a affected ass". On July 11, 1855, a few canicule afterwards Leaves of Grass was published, Whitman's ancestor died at the age of 65.

           In the months afterward the aboriginal copy of Leaves of Grass, analytical responses began absorption added on the potentially abhorrent animal themes. Admitting the added copy was already printed and bound, the administrator about did not absolution it. In the end, the copy went to retail, with 20 added poems, in August 1856. Leaves of Grass was revised and re-released in 1860 afresh in 1867, and several added times throughout the butt of Whitman's life. Several acclaimed writers admired the assignment abundant to appointment Whitman, including Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau.

               During the aboriginal publications of Leaves of Grass, Whitman had banking difficulties and was affected to assignment as a announcer again, accurately with Brooklyn's Daily Times starting in May 1857. As an editor, he oversaw the paper's contents, contributed book reviews, and wrote editorials. He larboard the job in 1859, admitting it is cryptic if he was accursed or chose to leave. Whitman, who about kept abundant notebooks and journals, larboard actual little advice about himself in the backward 1850s.

Review of the Aravind Adiga’s novel The White Tiger

Aravind Adiga, the 33-yr old chennai-born writer, was honoured with the 2008 Man Booker Prize for his debut novel The White Tiger on 14thOctober,2008. He is the second-youngest writer in the Booker’s 40year history to win the prize after Mr.BanOkri who won this award in 1991 at the age of 32. Mr.Adiga is also the second d novelist of Indian origin to get the prize with a debut novel after Ms. Arundhati Roy.

Mr.Adiga is the fifth writer of Indian origin to win a $50,000  Booker Prize after Mr.V.S.Naipaul(In A Free style-1971),Mr.Salman Rushdie(Midnight’s children-1981),Ms.Arundhati Roy(The God of small Things(1997) and Ms.Kiran Desai(The Inheritance of Loss(2006).

The White Tiger has been written by Aravind Adiga. He won the Man Booker Prize for this book. He reveals the truth about present day India, its cockroach-ridden basements and corrupt politicians. He has written that he committed murder and got away with it.     

            Balram, the son of a poor rickshaw-puller, grew up in Gaya which he describes as darkness. Balram’s father died of TB in a government hospital where there is a lot of corruption. India is two countries in one: India of light and an India of Darkness”. The book revolves around the great divide between those Indians who have made it and those who have it not. Balram travels to “the Light”. He moves to Delhi, becomes a driver, listens the conversations of the rich. Using his sharp intelligence by lying, betraying and making some immoral decisions, he also becomes highly successful. In the old days, there were around 1,000 castes in India. These days, there are just two castes: Men with Big Bellies and men with small bellies. Balram is determined to become a Big Bellied Man by being a criminal, bribing police and bending rules.     

Greek Myth in “PYGMALION”

George Bernard Shaw was one of the renowned writers in the English literature . He received a pompous nobel prize for his well- known works. Some of his best works are: Joan of Arc, Apple Cart and Pygmalion. In Pygmalion he showed his talented way of using the Greek mythological influences.

According to the greek myth a famous artist lived and he created a beautiful sculpture named Galatea. The sculpture praised by everyone and its charmed beauty attracted the eyes of the people. Because of the gratitude the sculpture itself asked the artist to marry her. The artist also showed his support and both lived happily.

In the same way George Bernard Shaw created the story by introducing the character like Prof.Higgins, a linguistic and Eliza Dolittle, a flower girl. Once a flower girl asked the professor to teach her a phonetic, because she stumbled while she sell a flower in her shop. The Professor also nodded his turn and promised her to teach her language within a month, indeed he changed her style include. In the same way Eliza also learnt very soon and she fell in love with a young man. But she rejected for some of the reason, while at the same time she asked the Professor to marry her but he didn’t  accept  her love. Instead he told that, he resembled as a guru, so he asked her to marry the young man. Finally he organized the flower shop for the girl and they lived happily.      

.          

Review of the novel-POLLYANNA.

                The author of the novel is Eleanor H.Porter. She is an American novelist and her birth is 1890 and died at 1920. She wrote many novels and i get chance to read her novel. This novel inspired me because the novel is found to be an optimistic note. Yes! though a little girl, she is very strong in her character through out the novel. Pollyanna is a eleven year old orphan girl and get sheltered by her aunt Miss.Polly, a spinster and she is very strict and often call herself as a "firm" and very "punctual". Pollyanna's father encouraged her through a glad game. So often herself console her loneliness in this way. Nancy is a servant maid in her aunt house. She knows her aunt behaviour with the help of servant maid. But she doesn't take as a serious matter and despite think that she changes her character gradually. She faces a failure only, but she doesn't give up her steps.

                             Once AuntPolly herself wondered about her niece friendship with Mr.Pendleton, because he doesn't reveal his any sign to anybody. But Pollyanna turned his stone heart into lovable person. This activities somewhat create soft corner with Polly. The catastrophe flow in the life of Pollyanna, that she faces a terrible accident when she returned from the house of Mr.Pendleton. Due to the accident she loses her leg, this made the heart of AuntPolly  with clashes. Though  she  loses her leg, Pollyanna dream about her future into the bright side. So the novelist ends her novel into the  optimistic themes. If  somebody gets chances please read the whole novel and  you also felt  OPTIMISM. 

CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND LITERARY EXPLORATIONS IN INDIAN FEMINIST WRITERS AND THEIR RELEVANCE TODAY NECTAR IN A SIEVE - KAMALAMARKANDAYA

                                  NECTAR IN A SIEVE - KAMALAMARKANDAYA

                       Kamalapurnaiyamarkandaya was a twentieth century novelist from South of India. In her early years she travelled widely in India and europe.  She  was a journalist in India before migrating to London, England in 1948. She published her first novel, Nectar in a sieve, in 1954. Some of her other works include: Some inner Fury(1955),The Coffer Dams(1969), The Nowhere man(1972) and Two virgins(1973).
 
            In Rukmani's quest for dignity, hunger is a potent enemy. Fear of hunger,she says,torments the peace of every peasant who lives by the vagaries of the wind and rain.  Tired of constant hunger , her elder sons break ip the family to seek new lives in  a new land. Another son resorts to robbery and is kiled for it, leaving to grieve for his mea ingless life.  Her daughter chooses the degradation of prostitution over the degradation of starvation.  Rukmani nealy becomes a murderer,thinking Kunthi has come to steal the last of their rice. In the city, Rukmani observes the suplican ts at the temple pushing and shoving like animals to secure their share of food. Similarly, beggar children snarl and fight like beasts over a scraped drop in the street.  Rukmani indicts both the industrialization of the village,represented by the tannery, and the laws of land ownership impoverish and displace peasants like her and Nathan. In Nectar in a sieve, hunger breeds thieves,prostitutes,murderers and subhuman beasts. Not only nature's whims but also the choices of an unjust society produces the shameful misery of starvation.

Maudlin Memoirs

I passed my college;

            Where we made our collage.

Swamped old thoughts engulfed me;

          My reminiscence started to flee.

Eagerness grow more and more;

          And my thoughts dawn to soar;

Urges me entered with enthusiasm;

              Which is a place fanaticism.

Staring the classroom where I  sat;

              Seated myself safe in the mat.

 It gave solace to my heart;

               Where my senses fought.

 Thoughts go beyond level;

          When I stood on the gravel;

Unexpectedly eyes glance the desk

            Impulsively my hands went on to frisk.

Slowly tears peered out to show emotion;

But senses controlled my passion;             

Hopefully I come out yuckily;

Where majestic sun welcomes   me  luckily.

I felt some changes  in  me  crawled;

My heart relentlessly bawled;

CHANGES ARE CONSTANT

LIFE IS INSTANT!

Shakespeare and super-natural elements:

         

I am not directly saying that Shakespeare only responsible for introducing the super-natural elements but he is also one of the persons used this elements. The most significant example for this was “The Tempest” and “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”.

      If we come across the play, The Tempest the very memorable blissful character is Ariel. It is the leading spirit and helpful for the lovers, Miranda and Ferdinand. Miranda and her father were banished by her uncle for fond of the throne. They were left in the isolated island, where Miranda never saw the men than her father. In this situation Ariel role introduced by Shakespeare in the way of some magical elements of Ariel. The lovers were fallen in love at first sight. Finally both were resumed their life with nuptial not and blessed by her father. Likewise the play A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the super-natural elements were fairies named Oberon, Titania and Puck(ariel).Once two fairies were fighting with each other and didn’t faced their affection. So Oberon sought helped from Puck, but he played magical spirit in a comical way. By squeezed the love-juice through the love pair he promised that they forgot their quarrel. But meanwhile another love pair from country arrived that the woods. Instead of squeezed the love-juice through the fairies he put it the love pair wrongly. This lead a collapsed way and finally ended in a happily wedlock. 

       Because of this emphatic supernatural elements Shakespeare’s play was ever written by anyone. He introduced the super-natural elements like witches, ghosts, ariel and so on.    

   

Margaret Laurence’s women of two novels, The Stone angel and A jest of God.

           Margaret Laurence is a Canadian writer.  Most of her novel spins  around the Manawaka, so often her novel called  as Manawaka series of novels.  Her famous two novels is A jest of God and The Stone Angel. These two novels portrays the pride of those women named Hagar shipley and Rachel Cameron.

          In A Jest of God Rachel cameron school teacher of thirty-four year old a spinster. She lived with her mother and she always looked restless and her best friend  callamackie.  She delivered all matter to her for sought opinion. Her friendship with Nick kazlik revealed  a refresh for her mind but it was not continued . Because of her wavering thought, and once she came to known that wags pregnant.  This was also not kept her peaceful because this turned to beningn tumour. Finally she came to realised that it was a jest of god.

              But somewhat different Hagar Shipley, a ninety-year old lady in The stone Angel.  The title of the novel itself revealed her character .  She was well - settled lady lived with her son Marvin and his wife.  She led her life with a luxurious style.  She indulged with her over- pride.  Though she was unable to live independent, but she could not realised her fate. So she always look relentless,restless and over-pride.

Philosophical Tone in Robert Frost’s Poem, “Stopping by woods on a snowy evening”.

                 Robert Frost was an American and he was one of the greatest poets of his period. He has written many poem particularly the one poem was inspired byJawarharlalNehru. The poem was “Stopping by woods on a snowy evening”. It has a great philosophical tone of life. Once the poet took a ride in horse,while he crossed the woods(forest),he was tempted by beautiful snowy white covered the woods. The poet gave a lot of informative effect upon the poem but he has no time to stand and watch the lovely scene of the woods.  So he put a poem with a end note of 
           “the woods are lovely, dark and deep

               But I have promises to keep

                  And miles to go before I sleep

                     And miles to go before I sleep”.

          These last lines were inspired by JawaharlalNehru and he put before him on the table.

View of Romantic Period in English Literature(1798-1837)

      The Romantic Poets were of two kinds: one were older, and another were younger. William wordsworth, Coleridge,Walterscott and Robertsouthey. The younger group were LordByron, Johnkeats and P.B.Shelley. In Romantic period,the basic themes flourished with full of nature. Though there were Romantic poets but we take a short look at William Wordsworth.  This poems putsforth our heart into natural effect.
     The one of the finest poems of Williamwordsworth proved he was the great poet of the period.  The "Daffodils" the poem ever written by anybody.  He look a flower illustrated highest theme in a such  a flower . Daffodils was the golden yellowish flower.
     In garden the daffodils tossed their head in the soft breeze blowing there.  As a poet the daffodils was not a simple flower but he thought it gave a comfort and consolation to the pensive state of mind.  Because of the point of view wordsworth secure the highest peak in the Romantic Period.
     So WilliamWordsworth was the worshipper and high priest of "Nature". 

Jack of all trade-"Shakespeare"

        Shakespeare(1564-1616)has written 37 plays,two long narrative poems named Venus and Adonis and Rape of Lucrece and 154 sonnets. The plays classified as tragedy, comedy, tragic-comedy and historical plays. Each plays derived the pompous thematic structure not only themes but also a philosophical tone. Here see some of the four major tragedies of Shakespeare. The four major tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.Let us see one by one.
        The first one is Hamlet - delaying things. KingHamlet father of Hamlet was poisoned by his own wife and his brother. The news sent to Hamlet and he came for  the funeral. Hamlet got shocked about his father's sudden death. But he came to know the secret about  the death of his father and the conspirators were nothing but his own mother and his uncle. So he decided to took revenge both of them.He made a plan with the help of his friends,but he delayed the action for some chances. This delaying acts created a lot of enemies to Hamlet. 
                The next Othello - Suspicious. Othello, a black moor in Venice. Desdemona, a beautiful lady and king's daughter. The love affair between them was known to king, so he made arrangement for his daughter. However she refused that marriage proposals but his father didn't lent his ears to her wish. So she eloped with othello. The news gave so much disappointed to the king. But both of them lead a peaceful life. Iago, a villain spin a web for the peaceful life of Othello,because already Iago was disgust by him.He insisted to Othello about the illegal act of Desdemona. Othello got irritated and warned Iago. But very soon the circumstances grew against Desdemona.Foolishly he believed the words of Iago and he didn't gave any reason,and killed her.So this proved the suspicious act of Othello.
              The third one King Lear-Though he was a great king but he has a lack of judgement. He had three daughters namely Goneril, Regan and Cordelia. The first two got married and their plan was to kept all the property of king for them. Once King called all the three daughters to the throne and asked them how much he was loved by them besides he told that he gave all the property to those who loved him much.The first daughter told that she loved him so much,the second one told that her love was greater than anybody. The next turn came to Cordelia, She openly reveal if she got married her affection was her husband but now affection to her father. Suddenly king got angry and scolded her and told that all the property only for the first two daughters.Cordelia didn't showed any reaction to her father and  he only got so much frustrated to her daughter. This showed the foolish act King Lear.            
                 Finally in Macbeth showed that over-ambitious. Macbeth was trusted Captain to his  king. He was praised by him very often. Once Macbeth was induced by three witches that there was a lot of chances to become king. So these words changed Macbeth and he discussed  about his wife. she gave a plot to kill a king in the castle,because king told that he came that night so both of them got happy and the plan was finished by Macbeth smoothly. But afterwards Macbeth couldn't sleep because he killed the king while sleeping. Lady Macbeth got sonambulism disease and she suicide herself.  This proved the over-ambitious of Macbeth.  
             Shakespeare is rooted for introduced  all supernatural character in his plays.  He only hold the three unities in his play "THE TEMPEST".

Spring Batch Architecture

                    Spring Accumulation is advised with adaptability and a assorted accumulation of end users in mind. The amount beneath shows a account of the layered architectonics that supports the adaptability and affluence of use for end-user developers.
                  Spring Accumulation Architectonics assuming Basement and Beheading Layers. Potential beheading action implementations abutment altered platforms and end-user goals from the aforementioned blocks of business argumentation in the Appliance Layer.
                   Spring Accumulation provides an Basement band in the anatomy of low akin tools. There is additionally a simple beheading environment, appliance the basement in its implementation. The beheading ambiance provides able-bodied appearance for traceability and administration of the accumulation lifecycle. A key ambition is that the administration of the accumulation action (locating a job and its input, starting, scheduling, restarting, and assuredly processing to created results) should be as accessible as accessible for developers.
                The Basement provides the adeptness to accumulation operations together, and to retry an allotment of assignment if there is an exception. Both requirements accept a transactional flavour, and agnate concepts are accordant (propagation, synchronisation). They additionally both accommodate themselves to the arrangement programming archetypal accepted in Spring, c.f. TransactionTemplate, JdbcTemplate, JmsTemplate.
                 The Amount bore is the batch-focused area and implementation. It provides a able-bodied set of chip appearance including job processing statistics, job barrage and restart to accredit the administration of the abounding lifecycle of acceptable accumulation processing.
                 A cardinal of sample jobs are packaged in a abstracted Samples bore to added acutely clear the acceptance and capabilities of the Amount module.
The runtime dependencies of basement and amount are apparent in the amount below.
                     Spring Accumulation runtime dependencies, assuming how a applicant appliance (as per the samples) can be congenital in agreement of added modules.

Spring Batch Introduction

          Many applications aural the action area crave aggregate processing to accomplish business operations in mission analytical environments. These business operations accommodate automated, circuitous processing of ample volumes of advice that is best calmly candy after user interaction. These operations about accommodate time based contest (e.g. month-end calculations, notices or correspondence), alternate appliance of circuitous business rules candy repetitively beyond actual ample abstracts sets (e.g. allowance account assurance or amount adjustments), or the affiliation of advice that is accustomed from centralized and alien systems that about requires formatting, validation and processing in a transactional address into the arrangement of record. Accumulation processing is acclimated to action billions of affairs every day for enterprises.

         Spring Accumulation is a lightweight, absolute accumulation framework advised to accredit the development of able-bodied accumulation applications basic for the circadian operations of action systems. Spring Accumulation builds aloft the productivity, POJO-based development approach, and accepted affluence of use capabilities bodies accept appear to apperceive from the Spring Framework, while authoritative it accessible for developers to admission and advantage added beforehand action casework back necessary.

          Spring Accumulation provides reusable functions that are capital in processing ample volumes of records, including logging/tracing, transaction management, job processing statistics, job restart, skip, and ability management. It additionally provides added beforehand abstruse casework and appearance that will accredit acutely high-volume and aerial achievement accumulation jobs admitting access and administration techniques. Simple as able-bodied as complex, high-volume accumulation jobs can advantage the framework in a awful scalable address to action cogent volumes of information.

India drop to No. 3 in ODI rankings, Dhoni remains No. 1

India have slipped to the third position in the latest ICC ODI rankings following their embarrassing 200-run loss to New Zealand in the first ODI of the tri-series in Dambulla on Tuesday.

New Zealand have replaced India to grab the second position. New Zealand are just one point ahead of India who stand at third spot with 116 points after their fourth biggest defeat by runs margin.

The third team of the tri-series, Sri Lanka are at the sixth position.

ICC Rankings

Australia remain on top with 132 points. South Africa (115) and England (113) are at fifth and sixth position.

However, Indian skipper MS Dhoni retains the No. 1 spot in the list of ODI batsmen rankings. South Africa's AB de Villiers and Australia's Mike Hussey are No. 2 and No. 3 respectively.

Master blaster Sachin Tendulkar, who has been rested for the tri-series, is the only second Indian in the list of top-10 ODI batsmen.

India's dashing opener Virender Sehwag sits on the 16th place, followed by compatriots Virat Kohli and Yuvraj Singh.

Among the bowlers, New Zealand skipper Daniel Vettori is the World No. 1 in ODIs. Vettori skipped the tri-series to be with his wife for the birth of his second child. Indian off-spinner Harbhajan Singh is at eleventh position.

Bangladesh's former skipper Shakib Al Hasan remains World No. 1 all-rounder with Pakistan's Shahid Afridi and Australia's Shane Watson holding the second and third spots.

Yuvraj Singh is the only Indian to feature in the list of top-10 all-rounders. He sits at No. 7 spot.

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Introduction To iBatis

The iBatis framework is a lightweight data mapping framework and persistence API that can be used to quickly leverage a legacy database schema to generate a database persistence layer for your Java application. A set of XML encoded SQL Map files–one for each database table–holds SQL templates that are executed as prepared statements and map the expected results to Java domain classes. From application code, a layer of iBatis Data Access Objects (DAO) acts as the API that executes the SQL Map templates and assigns the results to the corresponding Java domain classes. Therefore, the architectural stack looks like this:

This tutorial will show how to automatically generate the code for these three layers from an existing database. To enable communication among these layers, an XML configuration file describes each DAO interface and implementation class, as well as the location of a second XML configuration file that in turn points to each SQL Map file and contains the database connection information.
This tutorial will focus on using iBatis in a Java application and a legacy MySQL database. Abator, a code generation tool for creating the files mentioned above, will also be introduced, but otherwise, only basic familiarity with Java, XML, and SQL are assumed along with a few common Java tools and libraries including Eclipse, Ant and Log4J.
prerequisites
This introduction assumes a fairly standard project directory structure, including these directories and files directly under the project root:
• src/
• lib/
• dist/
• doc/
• etc/
• build.xml
Other XML files and Java *.properties files not automatically generated by Abator are assumed to be directly under src/ . This introduction shows iBatis configured for a database running on localhost, so obviously a locally running MySQL server is needed.

Spring MVC: How it works

If you are interested in the Spring Framework’s MVC packages, this could be helpful. It’s a unified description of the life cycle of a web application or portlet request as handled by Spring Web MVC and Spring Portlet MVC. I created this for two reasons: I wanted a quick reference to the way Spring finds handlers for each stage of the request; and I wanted a unified view so I could see the similarities and differences between Web MVC and Portlet MVC.

Spring Web MVC, part of the Spring Framework, has long been a highly-regarded web application framework. With the recent release of Spring 2.0, Spring now supports portlet development with the Spring Portlet MVC package. Portlet MVC builds on Web MVC; even their documentation is similar. My focus right now is on portlet development, and I found it cumbersome to have to read the Web MVC and Portlet MVC documentation simultaneously. So I have re-edited the two together into one unified document. I have also included related information from elsewhere in the documentation, so it’s all in one place.

My idea here is to make it easy to go through your Spring configuration files and ensure that all beans are declared and named as they should be, whether you are using Spring Web MVC or Spring Portlet MVC.
Dispatcher

Spring’s Web and Portlet MVC are request-driven web MVC frameworks, designed around a servlet or portlet that dispatches requests to controllers. Spring’s dispatchers (DispatcherServlet and DispatcherPortlet) are also completely integrated with the Spring ApplicationContext and allow you to use every other feature Spring has.

The DispatcherServlet is a standard servlet (extending HttpServlet), and as such is declared in the web.xml of your web application. Requests that you want the DispatcherServlet to handle should be mapped using a URL mapping in the same web.xml file. Similarly, the DispatcherPortlet is a standard portlet (extending GenericPortlet), and as usual is declared in the portlet.xml of your web application. This is all standard J2EE configuration;


In the Portlet MVC framework, each DispatcherPortlet has its own WebApplicationContext, which inherits all the beans already defined in the root WebApplicationContext. These inherited beans can be overridden in the portlet-specific scope, and new scope-specific beans can be defined local to a given portlet instance.
Dispatcher Workflow

When a DispatcherServlet or DispatcherPortlet is set up for use and a request comes in for that specific dispatcher, it starts processing the request. The sections below describe the complete process a request goes through when handled by such a dispatcher, from determining the application context right through to rendering the view.
Application context

For Web MVC only, the WebApplicationContext is searched for and bound in the request as an attribute in order for the controller and other elements in the process to use. It is bound by default under the key DispatcherServlet.WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE.
Locale

The locale is bound to the request to let elements in the process resolve the locale to use when processing the request (rendering the view, preparing data, etc.). For Web MVC, this is the locale resolver. For Portlet MVC, this is the locale returned by PortletRequest.getLocale(). Note that locale resolution is not supported in Portlet MVC — this is in the purview of the portal/portlet container and is not appropriate at the Spring level. However, all mechanisms in Spring that depend on the locale (such as internationalisation of messages) will still function properly because DispatcherPortlet exposes the current locale in the same way as DispatcherServlet.
Theme

For Web MVC only, the theme resolver is bound to the request to let elements such as views determine which theme to use. The theme resolver does not affect anything if you don’t use it, so if you don’t need themes you can just ignore it. Theme resolution is not supported in Portlet MVC — this area is in the purview of the portal/portlet container and is not appropriate at the Spring level.
Multipart form submissions

For Web MVC and for Portlet MVC Action requests, if a multipart resolver is specified, the request is inspected for multiparts. If they are found, the request is wrapped in a MultipartHttpServletRequest or MultipartActionRequest for further processing by other elements in the process.
Handler mapping

Spring looks at all handler mappings (beans implementing the appropriate HandlerMapping interface) in the application context. Any that implement the Ordered interface are sorted (lowest order first), and others are added at the end of the list. The handler mappings are tried in order until one yields a handler. (Note: if the dispatcher’s detectAllHandlerMappings attribute is set to false, then this changes: Spring simply uses the handler mapping bean called “handlerMapping” and ignores any others.)
Handler

If a handler is found, the execution chain associated with the handler (pre-processors, controllers and post-processors) will be executed in order to prepare a model for rendering. The handler chain returns a View object or a view name, and normally also returns a model. For example, a pre-processor may block the request for security reasons and render its own view; in this case it will not return a model.

Note that the handler chain need not explicitly return a view or view name. If it does not, Spring creates a view name from the request path. For example, the path /servlet/apac/NewZealand.jsp yields the view name “apac/NewZealand”. This behaviour is implemented by an implicitly-defined DefaultRequestToViewNameTranslator bean; you can configure your own bean (which must be called “viewNameTranslator”) if you want to customise its behaviour.
Exceptions

Exceptions that are thrown during processing of the request go to the hander exception resolver chain. Spring looks at all hander exception resolvers (beans implementing the appropriate HandlerExceptionResolverinterface) in the application context. Any that implement the Ordered interface are sorted (lowest order first), and others are added at the end of the list. The resolvers are tried in order until one yields a model and view. (Note: if the dispatcher’s detectAllHandlerExceptionResolvers attribute is set to false, then this changes: Spring simply uses the hander exception resolver bean called “handlerExceptionResolver” and ignores any others.)
View resolver

If the handler chain returns a view name and a model, Spring uses the configured view resolvers to resolve the view name to a View. Spring looks at all view resolvers (beans implementing the ViewResolver interface) in the application context. Any that implement the Ordered interface are sorted (lowest order first), and others are added at the end of the list. Then the view resolvers are tried in order until one yields a view. (Note: if the dispatcher’s detectAllViewResolvers attribute is set to false, then this changes: Spring simply uses the view resolver bean called “viewResolver” and ignores any others.)

If the handler chain returns a View object, then no view resolution is necessary. Similarly, if it does not return a model, then no view will be rendered, so again no view resolution is necessary.
View

If we now have a view and a model, then Spring uses the view to render the model. This is what the user will see in the browser window or portlet.

JavaFX Mobile released

                     Developers can now build RIAs  using a common set of APIs for both the desktop and mobile platforms, enriched with high-fidelity audio and video, rich text, vector graphics, animation and Web services. JavaFX Mobile runs on Java Platform Micro Edition (Java ME) technology, allowing desktop and Web developers to optimize their applications for the form factor of a specific device, and for particular mobile capabilities, so they are "already pretty far along in delivering [their applications] to mobile devices," said Param Singh, senior director of Java marketing with Sun Microsystems Corp.

"Our vision of providing a programming model that spans across multiple screens is one of the core fundamental changes versus development in the past," said Singh.

The company is taking a different approach to the mobile environment, said Singh, by working with OEMs and operator partners to cover the entire device stack, including mass market and smart phones. "It's really about how do we help build an ecosystem where there are hundreds and thousands of applications that meet the consumer needs" on a variety of platforms, said Singh.

While Sun will continue to focus on the high-end feature phone market, Singh said the company does recognize there is lots of growth in the lower end where those consumers, too, have demands for the same type of cross-platform access to their information.

And basing JavaFX Mobile in Java ME technology, said Singh, responds to operator and OEM partner demands for tighter integration and lowered costs by being able to build upon their investments in the existing Java ME stack. With other vendor platforms, he added, "you can build nice visual applications but then how do you tap into device capabilities? It's at best a very difficult exercise."

Rob Enderle, principal analyst with San Jose, Calif.-based research firm Enderle Group, said the difficulty for Sun in the mobile RIA space is that "they're late to the game and other parties are already in place." Reigning supreme is Adobe Systems Corp., whom even Microsoft Corp. has had trouble displacing, said Enderle.

But that said, the upside is that Java is one of those technologies that does play broadly in the mobile arena "and the idea of being able to use a Java derivative for a more graphically intense experience could be attractive to some developers," said Enderle.

"Depending on how hard it is to move to JavaFX, some developers that otherwise might not even look at it at all, might be attracted to it," said Enderle.

And as for focusing on the gamut of mobile devices from mass market to smart phones, Enderle noted that lower-end devices tend not to render a quality user experience on the browser, and that JavaFX won't fix that.

Advanced Configuration of the Spring MVC Framework

                    In this article I will present some configuration tips for the Spring MVC framework that could help you manage multiple instances of your Spring-based web application. The configuration management topic is often neglected in the literature, but as we will see, it is very important for real-life web development. It is not directly related to any particular technology, so we will start by explaining the basic concepts of the problem. Next, we will focus on the Spring MVC framework and offer a few solutions for projects developed using this technology.
Spring Configurations

It is common for a web application to be deployed on more than one host. Take, for example, a website that will have only one instance in production. Beside that instance, you (as its developer) will probably have another (development) instance on your development machine. You may also find useful to maintain another installation of your application on some local development server inside of your company (organization). The purpose of this instance would usually be to give access to web designers, for quality assurance stuff, to people that should document the application, etc.

As you can see, even in this simplest possible scenario there are three instances of the application that we should install, configure, and maintain. The situation is even worse for geographically dispersed teams that work on a project like this. For any non-trivial web application project, you will usually have more that one developer with his local installation of the project and local settings, one installation for running unit tests, and so on.



Many organizations create their products as web applications. You may find examples of such products in various e-commerce systems, content management systems (CMSes), or even blog publishing platforms. Products like these are intended for deployment on as many servers as possible. For successful acceptance of general-purpose web applications, their developers must ensure that their apps are easy to install and integrate well with other web applications. After this discussion, it should be clear that application configuration, which is the topic of this article, is one of the very important issues for developers of general-purpose web application projects.

Version control systems, such as CVS or Subversion, are one of the standard tools used by development organizations. This kind of tool represents a central source code repository of some organization and is used to keep the source code in order. Users are able to track changes of the application's source, show differences among file versions, and make project branches. Also, they make partial updates on the application deployments possible.

It is clear that version control system software is necessary for keeping track of your source code and that it can help in a great deal with the application configuration problems discussed here. Still, in this article, we will not focus on version control systems, as there are lots of great materials that cover this topic. Here, we will focus on just a small subtopic of the version control issue: how to ease the configuration of web applications (particularly those written using the Spring MVC framework).

The question is: what kind of configuration we are talking about here? Well, any web application needs resources that are usually specific to the host on which it is running, such as the database URL, the SMTP server that will send emails, folders that will contain some application-specific documents, etc. Settings like these should be centralized so that application configuration could be as easy as possible.

But this describes only the simplest version of the problem. Sometimes, you need more complex configuration differences among application deployments. This means that you will have to make different bean wirings among deployments, which complicates this issue even further.

Solutions to these application configuration issues have many benefits, ranging from easier installation and configuration of your application to easier source version control, which leads to fewer conflicts in your source repository. Now let's discuss this topic in more detail and through examples.
Problem

Let's start with demonstrating the simpler version of the problem we described above. In this scenario, all that you want to change among application deployments are simple configuration parameters, such as URLs, passwords, etc. If you have ever tried to develop a web application using the Spring MVC framework, you know that there are two configuration files that should be used:

    *

      /WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml allows you to configure your beans, or to indicate the context of your application. This is the place where you define your business logic beans, resources, and all other beans that are not directly related to the web tier.
    *

      /WEB-INF/[servlet-name]-servlet.xml is used to configure the web tier and view resolvers, controllers, validators, and all other beans that you need in the MVC framework. The [servlet-name] refers to the name of the Spring's dispatcher servlet defined in the web.xml deployment descriptor.

So what's the problem here? The problem is that your applicationContext.xml will contain some bean definitions that are host-specific. The most obvious example of this issue is a bean that holds JDBC connection information, but any non-trivial application will have a dozen such beans. Take a look at the following example:


 class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
  
       org.postgresql.Driver
  
  
       jdbc:postgresql://localhost/test
  
  
       postgres
  
  
      
  

The problem with this solution is in hard maintenance of the applicationContext.xml file. For starters, imagine that you have your project in the source code version control system, such as CVS. Now let's say that you want to add new functionality to your website, and for that, you need to put some extra bean definitions in the application context definition. The problem is how to reflect those changes on the production server.

Usually your local instance of the application will not use the same database as the live site, so the applicationContext.xml file will contain settings to access your local database. When you want to commit your changes in the source repository, you have to take care of synchronization of these host-specific properties. The file in the repository will probably end up with configuration from your local settings. Now, when you want to update the configuration on the production server, you will have to manually synchronize the values of the properties. This can be a very tedious task, and is also very prone to errors.

With every instance of the application, this issue becomes more important. Imagine that three developers work on the code base and that they each use their local database. When you commit your changes, each of them must be very careful when updating source code on their local hosts. Their manual synchronization of your changes, followed by committing of their work, makes the version control system useless for these configuration files. If you've ever used Spring MVC, you know that applicationContext.xml is the crucial element of your application, since it is the glue that holds things together. Therefore, it is very important to find a mechanism that helps us keep things organized in our applications.

As we said earlier, this is the easier configuration problem that you can experience. The harder version of the problem is when you need to have different bean wirings on different hosts. Examples of this kind of problem are very easy to find in everyday software development tasks. For instance, imagine that you have a custom authentication module for your product that is able to authenticate users from relational databases or LDAP servers. Naturally, the authentication module could be configured with the bean that abstracts a certain repository. If you want to change how users are authenticated among different application deployments, you will need to make different bean wirings in your applicationContext.xml file. This kind of configuration issue could be seen in all applications that have configurable features among deployments.

In the rest of this article, we will focus on these two configuration issues. We will focus first on the problem of synchronizing bean properties and its solutions, and then move to the more complex issues of synchronizing bean wirings.

SPRING Framework... AN INTRODUCTION

               Spring is an open-source application framework, introduced and developed in 2004. The main ideas were suggested by an experienced J2EE architect,  Rod Johnson.

He had earlier, written a book titled 'J2EE Develoment without using EJB' and had introduced the concept of Light-weight container. Primarily, his argument is that while EJB  has its merits, it is not always necessary and suitable in all applications.

Just as Hibernate attacks CMP as primitive ORM technology, Spring attacks EJB as unduly complicated and not susceptible to unit-testing. Instead of EJB, Spring suggests that we make use of ordinary Java beans, with some slight modifications, to  get all the supposed advantages of EJB environment. Thus, Spring is posed as an alternative to EJB essentially. However, as a concession to the existing EJB investments, Spring is designed to operate with EJB if required.

Much of the philosophy and approach of Spring framework, however, predates , the latest EJB vesrion (ie) EJB-3, about to arrive shortly. It is said that EJB-3 has absorbed a number of new ideas suggested by Spring and some more, to answer the criticisms. There is a debate going on in the Java community about Spring and EJB-3. Spring is not a Persistence technolgy but a framework which allows plug in of other such technologies. But EJB-3 is primarily focussed on Persistence  Technology and  has now incorporated Hibernate, the best ORM todate.Talks are going on to incorpotrate another equally nice ORM Technology known as JDO, which provides for Object Database also. Moreoveer, EJB-3 's Attribute-Orientaed Meta tags, help in vastly reducing the size of XML lines. Some have complained that Spring is still too dependent on XML files. In this tutorial, any reference to EJB, is only to EJB-2.My aim in presenting this tutorial is not to advocate the choice of either Spring or EJB-3, a topic still being devbated by experts but to share my perception with our readers.

In spring, we can make use of plain Java Beans to achieve things that were previously possible with EJB only. The main aim of Spring is to simplify the J2EE development and testing.

EJB  has been around since 1988 and is an established standard and specification in Enterprise world. Though there have been numerous Open-source Java technologies recently, no other technology has claimed to be superior to EJB, in its total features.

Rod Johnson, in his book, critices a number of features in EJB. Significantly, he has also spoken approvingly of some features of EJB and has recommended its use in some special circumstances.

EJB is a standard with wide Enterprise-level Industry support.It has  been deployed in thousands of successful applications around the world. The EJB specification is a fixed target and so tool-developers are able to develop wizards, which can make ejb development quick and easy. There are many vendors for EJB application server like IBM (Web-Sphere), BEA (Weblogic), Oracle (JDeveloper) etc.

To quote from another book on Spring ("Spring in Action" - Craig Walls-Manning press) " EJB is complex ", as the author put it nicely, "not for just being complex'. It is complex because it attempts to provide solutions for complex problems". EJB is developed mainly for the remote transaction and distributed objects. But a number of enterprise projects do not have this level of complexity and still use EJBs and even the simple application becomes complex. In such cases Spring claims to be an alternative.

Since Spring comes with rich support to enterprise level services, it claims to be an alternative to EJB It is worthwhile to begin with a comparison of EJB-2 and Spring, in some main features.

The main advantages of EJB are :

a) Transaction Management
b) Declarative Transaction support
c) Persistence ( CMP & BMP)
d) Declarative Security
e) Distributed Computing (Container managed RPC)

Spring does not attempt to do everything by itself but supports the best of breed technologies for each of these requirements.
For example, instead of CMP & BMP, it supports several persistence technologies like JDO, Hibernate and  OJB. These ORM toools are far more capable than the implementation in CMP.To simplify JDBC coding, there are tools like iBatis and Spring  supports iBatis also.

Spring  makes use of Acegi, an open-source Security framework and provides declarative security through spring configuration file or class metadata while in EJB declarative security is configured through deployment descriptor.
Spring provides proxying for RMI (special remoting technologies like Burlap) JAX-RPC & web-service while EJB provides container-managed remote method calls.
Spring can offer declarative transaction like EJB. But spring  provides declarative rollback behavior also  ,for methods and exceptions
Thus, while EJB is monolithic and attempts to do many things, some tasks fairly well and some others not so well, Spring uses ordinary Java beans only and through special techniques provides many of the functionalities of EJB, by integrating with a number of open-source technologies.

Thereby, it gives the following advantages over EJB2.
a) testing is easier. We do not need to start the EJB container , for testing.
b) As Spring is based on the standard JavaBeans naming convention, programmers find it easy to work with.
c) It makes use of AOP(Aspect-Oriented Programming) which is a very recent and useful paradigm., in addition to classic OOP and preserves the purity of OOP.
d) It is flexible.
Spring's goal is to be an entire Application Framework. Other popular framewoks like Struts, Tapestry, JSF etc., are very good web tier frameworks but when we use these framework, we have to provide additional framework to deal with enterprise tier that integrates well with these framework. Spring tries to alleviate this problem by providing a comprehensive framework, which includes
a core bean container,
an MVC framework,
an AOP integration framework,
a JDBC integration framework and
an EJB integration framework.

It also provides integration modules for O/R mapping tools like Hibernate and JDO. Thus spring framework can be thought of as a layered architecture consisting of seven well defined modules.
The function  of each component is as follows:

1. Core Container:
The core container provides the fundamental functionality of Spring. It's primary component is the 'BeanFactory', an implementation of the Factory pattern. The BeanFactory applies the IOC pattern to separate an application's configuration and dependency specification from the actual application code.

2. Spring Context/Application Context:
The Spring context is a configuration file that provides context information to the Spring framework . The Spring context supplies enterprise services such as JNDI access, EJB integration, e-mail, internalization, validation, and scheduling functionality.

3. Spring AOP:(Aspect-Oriented)
The Spring AOP module integrates aspect-oriented programming functionality directly into the Spring framework, through its configuration management feature. As a result we can easily AOP-enable any object managed by the Spring framework. The Spring AOP module provides transaction management services for objects in any Spring-based application. With Spring AOP we can incorporate declarative transaction management into our applications without relying on EJB components.
The Spring AOP module also introduces metadata programming to Spring. Using this we can add annotation to the source code that instructs Spring on where and how to apply aspects.

4. Spring DAO:
The Spring's JDBC and DAO abstraction layer offers a meaningful exception hierarchy for managing the databaase connection, exception handling and error messages thrown by different database vendors. The exception hierarchy simplifies error handling and greatly reduces the amount of code that we need to write, such as opening and closing connections. This module also provide transaction management services for objects in a spring application.

5. Spring ORM:
The Spring framework can be integrated to  several ORM frameworks to provide Object Relational tool, including JDO, Hibernate, OJB and iBatis SQL Maps.

6. Spring Web module:
The Web context module builds on top of the application context module, providing contexts for Web-based applications. As a result, the Spring framework supports integration with Jakarta Struts, JSF and webworks. The Web module also eases the tasks of handling multipart requests and binding request parameters to domain objects.

7. Spring MVC Framework:
The MVC framework is a full-featured MVC implementation for building Web applications. The MVC framework is highly configurable via strategy interfaces and accommodates numerous view technologies including JSP, Velocity, Tiles and the generation of PDF and Excel Files.

--------------------------------------------
I would venture to suggest that Spring will win sure acceptance among j2ee devcelopers , very soon because of its ready-made adapters for various hot web-tier and presentation technologies.!
For example, there is a  great varierty of technologies in the web-tier like MVC PATTERN, STRUTS, JSF, WEB-WORK, JSP, TAPESTRY,FREEMARKER  etc. Developers are now puzzled and confused about the relative merits and demerits of all these. Once they choose a technology and start implementing and later want to change over to another technology, it is very difficult. But, as Spring offers modules for aall the above technologies, it is most often simply changing the configuraion file. With this approach, it is even possible for a development team to try and test a given task in all the above forms and see the effect and performance before deciding the choice. Spring offers its own version of MVC architecture. It also offers adapters for Struts.

In the MVC adapter, it offers the following View choices.

JSP is default view template. 'InternalResouceViewResolver' can be used for this purpose. Spring can be integrated with other template solutions like Velocity, FreeMarker, tiles etc., Also Spring can be used to produce dynamic binary Excel spreadsheet, PDF documents etc.,

To configure the velocity engine 'VelocityConfigurer' bean is declared in spring configuration. The view resolver is configured by 'VelocityViewResolver' bean.

To configure the FreeMarker engine 'FreeMarkerConfigurer' bean is declared in spring configuration. The view resolver is configured by 'FreeMarkerViewResolver' bean.

'TilesConfigurer' can used to used to load Tiles configuration file for rendering Tiles view. 'AbstractExcelView' is used to generate Excel SpreadSheet as views. 'AbstactPdfView' supports the creation of PDF as views. 'buildPdfDocument()' is used to create PDF decument. Similarly we have 'buildExcelDocument()' to create the excel document.

For delegation purpose, Spring provides 'DelegatingRequestProcessor' and to use the tiles 'DelegatingTilesRequestProcessor' is used. 'SpringTapestryEngine' is used for integrating Tapestry to Spring. 'FacesSpringVariableResolver' is used to resolve spring-managed beans in JSF.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Next we shall see the main concepts of Spring, Inversion of Control (IoC) and Aspect Oriented Programming. Spring is based on dependency injection type of IoC . We don't directly connect our components and services together in code but describe which services are needed by which components in a configuration file. A container is responsible for hooking it up. This concept is similar to 'Declarative Management'. IOC is a broad concept. the two main types are

 1. Dependency Lookup:
The container provides callbacks to components and a lookup context. The managed objects are responsible for their other lookups. This is the EJB Approach. The Inversion of Control is limited to the Container involved callback methods that the code can use to obtain resources. Here we need to use JNDI to look up other EJBs and resources. Because of this reason EJB is not branded as 'IOC framework'.There are some problems in this implementation. The class needs a application server environment as it is dependent on JNDI and it is hard to test as we need to provide a dummy JNDI contest for testing purpose.

2. Dependency Injection:
In this application objects is not responsible for looking up resources they depend on. Instead IoC container configures the object externalizing resource lookup from application code into the container. That is, dependencies are injected into objects. Thus lookups are completely removed from application objects and it can be used outside the container also.

----
In this method, the objects can be populated via Setter Injection (Java-Beans properties) or Constructor Injection (constructor arguments). Each method has its own advantage and disadvantage.
Normally in all the java beans, we will use setter and getter method to set and get the value of property as follows

  public class namebean

{

     String      name;



     public void setName(String a)

     {

        name = a;

     }

     public String getName()

     {

        return name;

     }

}

We will create an instance of the bean 'namebean' (say bean1) and set property as bean1.setName("tom"); Here in setter injection, we will set the property 'name' by using the subelement of tag in spring configuration file as showm below,







  

       tom

  






The subelement sets the 'name' property by calling the set method as

setName("tom"); This process is called setter injection.

For constructor injection, we use constructor with parameters as shown below,

 public class namebean

{

     String name;

     public namebean(String a)

     {

        name = a;

     }  

}

We will set the property 'name' while creatinf an instance of the bean 'namebean' as namebean bean1 = new namebean("tom");
 Here we use the element to set the the property by constructor injection as              My Bean Value   



To set properties that reference other beans , subelement of is used as shown below,

 

  

      

  




 Aspect-Oriented Programming

---------------------------

 Aspect Oriented programming is a new

programming technique that promotes separation of concerns within the system. System are composed of several components each responsible for a specific piece of functionality. Whatever may be the core function of the program, the system service like logging, transaction management, security etc., must be included in the program. These system services are commonly refered to as 'cross-cutting concerns' as they tend to cut across multiple components in a system. AOP makes it possible to modularize and separate these services and then apply them declaratively to the components and we can focus on our own specific concerns. In spring, aspects are wired into objects in the spring XML file in the same way as JavaBean. This process is known as 'Weaving'.

----------------------------------------

The container is at the core of Spring Container. In manages the life cycle and configuration of application objects. We can configure how each of our beans should be created either to create a single instance of bean or produce a new instance every time and how they should be associated with each other. Spring should not, however, be confused with traditionally heavyweight EJB containers, which are often large. The Spring actually comes with two distinct containers: Bean Factories-defined by "org.springframework. beans.factory.BeanFactory" are the simplest containers, providing support for dependency injection. Application contexts - defined by "org.springframework.context.Application Context" provides application framework services.

BEAN FACTORY:
Bean factory is an implementation of the factory design pattern and its function is to create and dispense beans. As the bean factory knows about many objects within an application, it is able to create association between collaborating objects as they are instantiated. This removes the burden of configuration from the bean and the client.

There are several implementation of BeanFactory. The most useful one is "org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.
XmlBeanFactory". It loads its beans based on the definition contained in an XML file. To create an XmlBeanFactory, pass a InputStream to the constructor. The resource will provide the XML to the factory.
BeanFactory  factory = new XmlBeanFactory(new FileInputStream("myBean.xml"));

This line tells the bean factory to read the bean definition from the XML file. The bean definition includes the description of beans and their properties. But the bean factory doesn't instantiate the bean yet. To retrieve a bean from a 'BeanFactory', the getBean() method is called. When getBean() method is called, factory will instantiate the bean and begin setting the bean's properties using dependency injection.

  myBean bean1 = (myBean)factory.getBean("myBean");

APPLICATION CONTEXT:
While Bean Factory is used for simple applications, the Application Context is spring's more advanced container. Like 'BeanFactory' it can be used to load bean definitions, wire beans together and dispense beans upon request.

It also provide
1) a means for resolving text messages, including support for internationalization.
2) a generic way to load file resources.
3) events to beans that are registered as listeners.

Because of additional functionality, 'Application Context' is preferred over a BeanFactory. Only when the resource is scarce like mobile devices, 'BeanFactory' is used. The three commonly used implementation of 'Application Context' are

1. ClassPathXmlApplicationContext : It Loads  context definition from an XML file located in the classpath, treating context definitions as classpath resources. The application context is loaded from the application's classpath by using the code
ApplicationContext    context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");

2. FileSystemXmlApplicationContext : It loads context definition from an XML file in the filesystem. The application context is loaded from the file system by using the code
ApplicationContext    context = new FileSystemXmlApplicationContext("bean.xml");

3. XmlWebApplicationContext : It loads context definition from an XML file contained within a web application.
Spring is lightweight in terms of both size and overhead. The entire Spring framework can be distributed in a single JAR file that weighs just over 1.7 MB. And the processing overhead required by Spring is negligible. Also Spring is nonintrusive:(ie) objects in a Spring-enabled application typically have no dependencies on Spring-specific classes.

There are other lightweight containers like HiveMind, Avalon, PicoContainer etc., Avalon was one of the first IoC containers. Avalon mainly provides interface-dependent IoC. so, we much change our code in order to use a different container. This couples your code to a particular framework which is an undesirable feature.

PicoContainer is a minimal (very small size nearly 50k) lightweight container that provides IoC in the form of constructor and setter injection. By using PicoContainer we can only assemble components programmatically through PicoContainer's API. But it allows only one instance of any particular type to be present in the registry. Also PicoContainer is only a container. It does not offer various special features as spring like integration.

HiveMind is relatively new IoC container. Like PicoContainer, it focuses on wiring with support for both constructor and setter injections. It also allows us to define our configuration in an XML file. Like PicoContainer, HiveMind is only a container. It does not offer integration with other technology. Thus Spring makes it possible to configure and compose complex applications from simpler components. In Spring, application objects are composed declaratively, typically in an XML file. Spring also provides much infrastructure functionality like transaction management, persistence framework integration, etc., leaving the development of application logic to us.
With this inroduction, we shall see a simple example in Spring in next article.